Literary Interdisciplinary Research

Abstract The present inquiry provides a theoretical elucidation of ecological discourse analysis- a novel approach in Linguistics grounded in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), which incorporates the concept of ecosophy to explore the relationship between Language and ecosystem. Ecological discourse analysis, emphasizing the principles of diversity and harmony as well as interaction and coexistence, classifies discourses based on their environmental impact into three categories ecobeneficial, ecodestructive and ecoambivalent. This theoretical framework expands upon the experiential, interpersonal, logical and textual metafunctions along with their corresponding linguistic system such as transitivity, modality, appraisal, thematic structure, cohesion and coherence in order to investigate the linguistic mechanisms underlying environmental discourses. The literature review section, by highlighting the theoretical and methodological boundaries between ecological discourse analysis and ecocriticism, warns against conflating these two approaches in certain Persian-language studies. The purpose of this theoretical exposition is to provide a precise foundation for the appropriate application of this approach to Persian literary and linguistic texts and to caution against the premature adaptation of concepts that cannot be properly applied without a thorough understanding of their theoretical underpinnings.

Abstract Among the various strategies for criticizing and examining literary works that have emerged since the twentieth century, psychoanalytic criticism and analysis of literary texts from a psychological perspective have special and distinctive features. This study studies the character “Rahim”, the main character and narrator of the novel Shab-e Sarab (The Night of Mirage) written by Nahid A. Pajhwok (d. 1319 AH) based on Jeffrey Young’s theory (1950 AD). The storyline of Shab-e Sarab is taken from novel Bamdad-e Khomar (The Morning of the Drunkenness) by Fataneh Hajj Seyyed Javadi, which is narrated from the male character of the story, and the author has tried to express Rahim’s hidden thoughts in Bamdad-e Khmar (The Morning of the Drunkenness) by creating this work. The authors, in a descriptive-analytical manner based on the text of the novel, answer the following questions: Which schemas are present in Rahim's personality, and what are the causes of the emergence of these schemas in his personality? They identify Rahim's personality schemas and examine the reasons for forming these patterns to determine which are most prominent in Rahim's personality. Based on the studies conducted, it can be concluded that the schemas of abandonment, distrust, emotional deprivation, dependence, social isolation, and imperfection and shame are found in Rahim's personality, of which the abandonment schema is the most prominent. The absence of a father and strong dependence on his mother can be considered among the factors that have intensified Rahim's personality schemas and created the traps of his life.

Abstract Modern Persian and Kurdish poetry witnessed transformation and reform during the same period. Nima Yushij and Abdullah Goran are considered the leaders of modern Persian and Kurdish (Sorani) poetry. The present study, using an analytical-descriptive method, attempts to examine literary fields, character, and diverse capitals related to social actors, using Pierre Bourdieu's theory of "action," and to analyze the obvious and hidden reasons for the emergence of modern Persian and Kurdish poetry. The aim of the research is to discover the connection between socio-political situations, life, behavior, and intellectual structures and their impact on the production of literary texts of each of the mentioned poets. The results obtained show that the volume of cultural, economic, symbolic, and social capital of poets and the shape of their position in socio-political fields, especially the field of literary production, are among the factors influencing the modernization of Persian and Kurdish poetry. Also, the major changes that occurred in the political and social atmosphere of the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century in Iran and Kurdistan are considered the main and most important reason for the change in literature and the reform of Persian and Kurdish poetry. The most important of these factors in Iran was the Constitutional Revolution and its consequences, and in Kurdistan, the people's struggles and the political uprising of Sheikh Mahmoud in Sulaymaniyah are considered the main reasons for the development of literature in Kurdistan, and especially Iraqi Kurdistan.

Abstract Objectification, as a sociological component, is a term introduced by Georg Lukács as part of his dialectical theory regarding various societies worldwide. It articulates the process of substituting human relationships with objects, essentially enabling the transformation of products and labor into commodities. Alexei Tolstoy, in his three-volume story "Passage through Hell," beyond narrating parts of Russian history, effectively portrays the objectification of individuals in Russian society in certain passages of this work. Similarly, Abbas Maroufi also references objectification in the characters of his novel "Symphony of the Dead." This study, through the analysis of these two works from the perspective of Lukács' objectification theory with a binary approach, aims to answer how objectification is reflected in these two works based on this theory. This research, conducted through qualitative-documentary methods by consulting library sources, reveals that the reflections of Lukács' objectification theory are prominently observable in sections of these two works through the lens of cultural industries, media and advertising, the fashion industry, art, and more. Additionally, there are significant indications towards fostering a consumerist and submissive mentality as mental and tangible consequences of this modern colonial culture. Tolstoy presents a comprehensive portrayal of objectified human lives through the characters in his work, inviting the reader to contemplate the existential and social nature of humans. Maroufi takes a more serious approach, exemplified by the further objectification of factory workers, such as Mr. Lord's death symbolizing their increased objectification.

Abstract This study, using Hayden White’s theory of literary historiography and within an interdisciplinary framework, analyzes the narrative of Yaqub Laith Saffari in Tarikh-i Sistan. The research question focuses on how this historical text constructs a particular image of Yaqub through narrative, rhetorical, and ideological strategies. Employing qualitative analysis, and concentrating on the elements of selection, ideology, and emplotment, the paper explores the narrative mechanisms used by the author(s) of Tarikh-i Sistan. The findings reveal that the portrayal of Yaqub is shaped through the omission of military failures, exaggeration of victories, ideological genealogy, and the construction of a binary opposition between “us” and “others.” In events such as the conquest of Nishapur, Yaqub is symbolically presented as a replacement for the Abbasid caliph. The fabricated Sasanian lineage assigned to him further elevates his status beyond that of a military leader. This analysis shows that Tarikh-i Sistan is not merely a historical chronicle but a narrative-ideological text that reconstructs the past through literary techniques to support the identity-based discourse of its time.

Abstract Classical semiotics defines the world through the dichotomy of subject and other. However Eric Landowski by adopting a phenomenological approach introduced a fundamental and systematic transformation in this field by reconstructing the model of interaction between subject and other through meaning-making systems. In the discourse of mysticism the programmatic and persuasive meaning regimes are both observable as human and social structures.In both regimes the spiritual guide or pir occuples the position of a powerful subject endowed with a superior pragmatic dimension whereas the disciples and audiences of mysticism as participatory subjects, play thematic roles. Nonetheless these followers despite their human and social presence often engage in a one-sided participation each subject interprets the mystical text in their own way yet all pursue shared goals. This study through a descriptive-analytical method hod grounded in Landowski's phenomenological approach concludes that the manifestation of these two semantic regimes in mystical discourse can be seen in the presence of the superior sphere represented by the pir or master as well as in the continuous order of the spiritual journey (sulük). The motivation for participation in these regimes is shaped by social imperatives shared goals and a kind of mystical-consensual engagement-manifested widely in Sufi texts and narratives.

Abstract Today, archetype criticism is one of the most widely used approaches in literature.Carl Gustav Jung is the founder of the school of analytical psychology and one of the most fundamental archetypes in his theory is the "individuation process". This process represents an inner journey towards perfection and a dream with oneself, which describes the evolution of personality and how to achieve psychological maturity. The present article, with a descriptive-analytical method, reviews the novel Bamdad khomar by Fataneh Haj Seyyed Javadi from the perspective of Jung's theory of individuality and Its purpose is to analyze the main character and other influential characters, based on the archetypes in Jung's theory. Therefore, the character of Mahboobe, the central role of the story, is analyzed and how she reaches individuality and perfection is described. This essay examines the mentioned novel in four levels of collective unconscious, archetypal characters, archetypal symbols and archetypal situations.The results of the research indicate that the process of individualization of Mahboobe begins with the confrontation with the shadow and is followed through the union with the animus and the connection with the semi-real. Finally, observing a dream provides the basis of harmony between her conscious and unconscious and leads her to self-knowledge. Going through these stages leads to encountering the true self and adapting to the surrounding world, and achieves individuality and psychological integrity. In other words, the destroyed individuality of Mahboobe in the first marriage is revived by her remarriage and the period of her individuality is successfully completed.

Abstract Sacred defense literature is one of the subsets of resistance literature that is influenced by Iraq imposed war on Iran. Expressing the values of sacred defense is one of the most important concerns of writers of children's literature today. One of the artistic methods that can be effective in conveying the concepts and themes of sacred defense is the use of signs and symbols in the title of the teen novel. With the semiotics of the title of the adolescent novel, one can discover the method of using the title, the relationship between the title and the text, and the text with the title. In the present study, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner, the title of the Hasti and Bagh Kianoosh novels has been semiotically. The findings show that the title of the Hasti and Bagh Kianoosh are both chosen in a symbolic way and the name of the novel is the author's own invention.Semiotic analysis of narrative elements shows that the title in these two works moves in parallel with the text and is reinforced by the axis of succession by the elements within the text.Symbol analysis in the companionship axis also reveals a semantic interrelationship between elements within the text that helps to create new meanings.These titles both preserve and reveal the identity of the work, and in the meaning of the text, move in harmony with the other elements of the story, and have succeeded in artfully expressing the values of the sacred defense.

Abstract Persian proverbs, as one of the types of popular literature, represent the intellectual and cultural tendencies of the people on the topic of peace and non-violence. In this research, by emphasizing other factors, we have analyzed the discourse of inferiority to find examples of social intolerance in Persian proverbs. Based on the concept of discourse according to Lakla and Mofe, this research shows a part of the thought pattern governing Persian proverbs. Differences and cultural emphasis on differences produce a distorted awareness of "the other". "Other" and "others", including dissidents, queer people, and anyone who is different from our "self" in terms of thought, belief, culture, ethnicity, and identity characteristics. The level of resilience in the face of these differences and the correct way of managing these differences in attitude and behavior determines the level of tolerance at the level of the society, differences that are sometimes mistakenly considered "confrontation"; However, differences are in the nature of human society The research findings are classified based on the classification of social tolerance components in Peter King's view And he has analyzed the role of other factors of religion, patriarchy and individualism on one of the components of public ethics, that is, social prestige; Based on the obtained results, the discourse of patriarchy with signs related to gender discrimination represent the highest level of impotence in the studied Persian proverbs

Abstract In this article; Ferdowsi's discursive policy has been analyzed from a sociological and philosophical point of view, with the approach of interdisciplinary studies and in a descriptive method, to first examine the liberating and dynamic mechanisms of metaphor and story in the process of transferring meaning from cosmic time to human time. to be Then, with a meta-linguistic view, the function of the will and the individuality of the poetic language in changing the text into a world-text and creating meaning from meaning should be explained. Freedom focused on will says: Although existence without language is hidden, and questioning existence and discovering it is possible for a wise person who directs his will to hear its voice. But the freedom of the poet and the dynamism of his poetry is to have a metaphorical view and a questioning pronoun, and the necessity of his will is wisdom to individuality and symbolic action. As a result, the freedom directed to the will gives the language of poetry the ability to create meaning from the meaning and change the text into a world-text. The result of the research shows that Ferdowsi viewed the story of the past as a text from the perspective of metaphor, but during the narration, he acted beyond the reporting and descriptive mode. This symbolic act; That is, the opening of the world of the text for the influence of the reader's intellectual relationships and sociological awareness is Ferdowsi's historical policy in keeping legends and myths alive.