Literary Interdisciplinary Research

Abstract Due to the disagreements over the use of original and adapted literary texts in teaching a foreign/second language to non-Persian speakers, the present research determines the amount and degree of importance of the component indicators of original and adapted literary texts in teaching the Persian language to non-Persian speakers at beginner, intermediate and advanced levels by a survey method. So, a researcher-made questionnaire containing six items was prepared and given to 94 Iranian teachers with teaching experience in this field in a non-random accessible and targeted way. Analysis of the results using SPSS 22 software and one-sided chi-square and Friedman statistical tests showed that the sample population, believing that adapted literary texts have an element of literature, did not evaluate any of the indicators of this category as important at the elementary level due to the lack of proportion, unlike the intermediate and advanced. In general, due to anonymity, universality, importance in the global approach to language teaching, efficiency, and belonging to the contemporary period, more importance has been given to the adapted representatives of stories and prose than to the type of order and at the advanced level, because of the increase in the language and communication ability of Persian learners, original literary texts are considered important.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to read and interpret a play titled “the verb” written by Mohammad Rezaei Rad, not by the traditional analysis of dramatic texts, but by the Roland Barthes approach to textual analysis. According to Barthes, a text is a system of codes and in order to analyze these codes, the active role of the reader (or performer) in constructing the narration and meaning-making process of the text is highly suggested. Barthes identifies five different kinds of semiotic elements that are common to all texts. He gathers these signifiers into five codes: Hermeneutic, Proairetic, Semantic, Symbolic, and Cultural that his method of textual analysis is based on these five codes. This method studies how a text is structured and meaningful and allows for various interpretations of the text by criticizing, analyzing, and decoding the five codes that are combined into lexical units within the text. Interpretations are related to the effective role of the reader or performer. This study investigates both the structural contraction of the text and possible interpretations of it by analyzing and decoding the codes of play “the Verb". On the other hand, it has explored the method of development and distribution of meaning in this text.

Abstract Abstract

Emotion is one of the main drivers of the formation of works of art, especially poetry. Therefore, through history, scholars have emphasized the role of element of emotion in poetry. Lately, some works have been done in the field of emotional research in the field of Persian literature. In all these researches, the researchers have done research without paying attention to the fact that emotion is one of the basic discussions of psychological science. Not paying attention to psychological knowledge and relying on non-scientific beliefs about emotion has caused great damage to these researches. Psychologists have done a lot of research on the nature and types of emotion, and it is considered important to use these researches in the correct understanding of emotion. The present study has analyzed the flow of emotional research in the field of Persian literature, especially university research, using a descriptive-analytical method. On emotion, without consideration to theory, lacking scientific methodology, relying on the apparent meaning of words, incorrect choice of title, incompatibility of the title with the content, content similarity of the sub-titles and generalization are considered to be the major damages of these researches.

Abstract John Bowlby (1907-1990) is an English researcher famous for his child development and attachment theory. His view is one of the most important theories that refers to the relationship between parents (primary caregiver or wet nurse or substitute mother) and the child and its consequences in adulthood. He defines attachment as a stable psychological relationship between two people that continues until adulthood because the behavior of dependence has a biological origin and forms the basis of emotional bonds. Childhood attachment extends to adulthood and determines the future of a person. Various narrations are available about the allegorical poems of Salámán and Absál. This is the story of Prince Salaman and wet-nurse, Absal who develops a fondness for him and turns into her romance. In this mystical story, a deep attachment and emotional bond between the wet nurse, who is like a mother, and the child emerges, which turns into a passionate love in adulthood. The wet-nurse creates such a safe base and a sense of security in Salaman that Salaman decides to commit suicide by avoiding the wet nurse. In this story, attachment has an evolving component that helps Salaman survive. According to the research results, in the story of Salámán and Absál, from Bowlby's view, an insecure relationship between parent and child has caused mistrust, difficulty in coordination and sensitivity, and emotional dissatisfaction in romantic relationships in adulthood.

Abstract Narratology refers to the knowledge of analyzing stories and narrative texts, based on which one can reach an understanding and analysis of stories. One of the desired subjects of narratologists is the speed of narration, which is defined by distinguishing between the time of the text and the time of its narration. This research analyzed the speed of narration in the story of Zahhak as the first story with a full plot in the mythological part of the Shahnameh, The model under investigation is not Genette's model, but the model designed in the article "Models to check the speed of narration" based on core and related events. The results of the research indicate that 12 core events can be considered for this story, which the consistency of the story depends on them. In the second half of the story of Zahak, Ferdowsi has narrated the story in length and detail, and the speed of the narration is slow in this part. The reason is the stabilization of concepts arising from the confrontations between the forces of good and evil at the beginning of the narrative. In the first half of the story the speed of the narration is positive and Ferdowsi has tried to familiarize the reader with the atmosphere of the story by briefly introducing the main characters, the story's character dimensions, their basic and required actions. Only in one event, which is in the middle of the story, the speed of the narrative is tolerably constant.

Abstract In the researches of contemporary literary criticism, interdisciplinary analyzes between various fields and types of art are of great importance. This issue arose from the intertextual theories that started with the dialogue approach of Kristeva and Bakhtin's texts and reached its peak in the intertextual discussions of Gérard Genette. In the meantime, examining the relationships and dialogues between literature and other arts is very attractive among literary critics. Therefore, this research tries to investigate the relationship between Sadegh Hedayat's works and Qasim Hajizadeh's paintings with a descriptive-analytical method and with a more textual approach by Gerard Genet. From the results of this research, we can point to the direct and unconscious influence of Hedayat's character and his narratives on both linguistic and content levels in the form, structure and message of Hajizadeh's works. This effectiveness can be mentioned in the form of color selection, personality, location and use of visual symbols. On the other hand, in the field of messages such as anti-superstition, a critical look at the society's perception of women, isolation and alienation from oneself, and loneliness of modern man, Hajizadeh is more than anything influenced by the text and content data of Sadiq Hedayat.

Abstract Comparative cultural studies in an age of globalization constitute a key analytical framework for literature, particularly intercultural texts. Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, a prominent researcher in comparative cultural studies, emphasizes the movement towards the dialogue of cultures and working against the contemporary paradox of globalization versus localization. This essay employs a descriptive-analytical method, based on Tötösy's principles, to analyze a novel by Iranian Novelist Mahmoud Dolatabadi, “That Red Mane Mare”. The novel revolves around Imru' al-Qais, an ancient Arabian poet seeking revenge against his father's killers. While the meta-fictional presence of the author in the narrative and the relationship between the Persian man and Imru' al-Qais claim to establish a cross-cultural dialogue as its central discourse, fundamentally, merging the "other"’s voice in author’s and the recognition of the "other" based on the benefits it provides, contradict that claim. Indeed, the novel has serious cultural paradoxes that make it a local text without strong connections with the "other" as it seems.

Abstract The novel Kelidar, the longest novel of Mahmoud Dolatabadi, tells the story of the uprising of the peasants of the Khorasan region in the 1320 s. In this work, Dolatabadi depicts the development and decline stages of this uprising with a realistic method. In this novel, the conflict between social classes, which can be classified into two classes, the lower and upper classes, leads to the armed uprising of a Kurdish youth named Gul Mohammad Kalmishi. At the beginning of this uprising, the lower classes of peasants and villagers who were fed up with the oppression of the lords supported Gul Mohammad, but as time passed, the lords who felt threatened by Gul Mohammad's power and reputation united against him and using the new political developments in the country, They accompany the government in suppressing this uprising. With an interdisciplinary approach (sociology and literature) and a descriptive-analytical method based on the sociological theory of Pierre Bourdieu (a famous French sociologist and theorist), this article tries to analyze social classes from the perspective of habits, capitals and inter-class relations, and the role of upper classes and Examine the subordinates in the formation and failure of this uprising. According to the findings of this research, in Kelider's novel, poverty and exploitation resulting from the unfair distribution of capital and its accumulation in the upper classes become the basis for the uprising of the lower classes, but finally, due to reasons such as lack of readiness in the lower classes ...

Abstract persuasion is an important skill in human communication and it is an interdisciplinary subject that has been dealt with in various fields such as social psychology and communication sciences. The essay aims to investigate the process of persuasion in the book Kimiai Saadat written by Imam Mohammad Ghazali (450-505 AH) within the framework of the persuasion model of Carl Howland, a social psychologist, and to answer this question in a descriptive-analytical method that What are the most obvious characteristics of the source, message, and audience that can lead to persuasion in the text of Kimiya-i-Sa'adat? The results show that credibility, power, and likability are the characteristics of the message sources of Kimiya-i-Sa'adat. In delivering the message, Ghazali paid attention to the characteristics of message comprehensibility, timely emphasis on emotion or reasoning, the order and arrangement of the message, and whether it is unilateral or bilateral. Intelligence and self-esteem are also among the components that have been taken into consideration in the selection of the in-text audience of Kimia Saadat.

Abstract The presence of nature in novel “Fig Tree of Temples” by Ahmad Mahmoud is subject to discourses that affect all structures of society, which can analyzed in four categories of subversion, rupture, externalization and alterity based on Foucault's thought. In this research, with a descriptive-analytical method, we will deal with question that conflict between two discourses of tradition and modernity has contained what developments and consequences in biogeography of fictional society under our research? By responding to it, we will find out causes of lack of evolution of human and natural environment in order to reach a kind of epistemology in dealing with nature. The results of research indicate that, based on principle of inversion, man's domination over nature in modern era resulted in adverse consequences for environmental and human society. The destruction of garden and construction of town and lack of attention to nature and essence of nature in discourse of modernity reproduces breaking point of tradition and modernity. According to Foucault's principle of externality, inconsistency of existing layers in traditional and modern discourse and its application in a specific geographical area has caused entropy in biological and human society which is based on principle of alterity its roots can be seen in concepts of knowledge in two historical periods with different functions; Different functions that have formed resistances and caused ecological and human society not to go through an evolutionary process and do not imply emergence of new environmental propositions that will put nature on a new path.

Abstract Deconstructing Context is a philosophical reading style Jacques Derrida suggested for neutralizing or inverting existing binary oppositions in texts. Fables are appropriate alternatives for deconstruction training since they are highly capable of transferring concepts. Accordingly, fable deconstruction produces new meanings and helps clarify textual beauties. Derrida's method of deconstructing literature and writing is based on finding binary oppositions in the text that determine its dominant ideology. The next step is to deconstruct these oppositions by finding contradictory elements in the text, and finally, a new reading based on this deconstruction completes the work. The present query deconstructed two fables of the One Thousand and One Nights Folktales, i.e., the Wolf and the Fox and the Fox and the Crow, by adopting a philosophical approach and following Derrida’s method. The results displayed the precedence of enmity in the Fox and the Wolf fable. The deconstruction neutralized this valuation and revealed a blend of friendship and enmity. However, binary oppositions emerged differently for every character in the Fox and the Crow fable, i.e., enmity and friendship forewent for the crow and the fox, and deconstruction through neutralizing these valuations bolded a no enmity-no friendliness condition.

Abstract By asking about the status of nomadic communities in Iran in less than half a century ago, the present research explores the children's stories of a female writer who won the Iranian Council Children's Book Award in 1984. The question is that the stories that the author acknowledges; Mahdokht Kashkoli is derived from reality, what report does it give about the situation and social problems affecting the Qashqai tribe? What view do these stories present of social relations within the family and gender relations? The qualitative research method is based on the analysis of the narrative of five stories of the book Rasm Ma and Sahme Ma. The findings show that in terms of form, one story is close to memoir writing, one story is in the form of a tale, and the other three stories are in the form of a short story: all manifest a real style. Migration to the cities, stereotypical and sometimes disturbing images of nomads, drought and livelihood effects, lack of institutional support for nomadic social neighbors such as homeless women, the elderly, especially childless women, domestic violence, the domination of traditional societies such as blood-lust, among others. The most important social issues are reported during the stories. Also, narrating the daily life of women includes numerous and difficult mandatory and positive role expectations. Women are the main protagonists of the stories, and each of the characters is a glorious symbol of a mature, self-reliant, self-respecting, wise, kind, beautiful, patient and hardworking nomadic woman.

Abstract Transactional acts begin when the Operant sends an instinctive Stimulus to the Respondent and the pay-off is the perception of “Ego states” from reality here and now. Eric Berne based his therapeutic attitude on the “Ego states” (child, parent, and adult). The research aimed to examine the structural pattern of Berne's games in several examples of behavioural exchanges in the Shahnameh and specify the appearance of the characters' "Ego states" according to life Scripts and incompatible schemas. In this research, we intend to Dramatic transactional acts investigation encountering “Tahmine and Tahmtan”, and the battle of “Gerdãfarid and Sohrab” according to the “Transactional Analysis” attitude. The psycho-oriented exploration of games leads to the reception of Transactional semantics, the pattern of "Ego State" in the characters' behaviours, appearing as a result of Schemes and Life Scripts. Berne believes that childhood experiences shape our understanding of life. He sees mythological thinking as symbolic of the "old Ego state" containing the blueprint for our lives. The Shahnameh's stories hold deep symbolic meaning ingrained in society's consciousness, influencing the destiny of nations through pre-conscious activism. Finally, the only psychological game of Tahmineh and Rostam is the “Cavalier” game; the operant is Tahmine and the Respondent is Rostam. In the battle between Gerdãfarid and Sohrab, we are witnessing two psychological games from the category of “Underworld” games: the operant is Gordãfarid and the Respondent is Sohrab.