Literary interdisciplinary research
Badrieh Ghavami; Nemat Mansouri; Reza Borzoiy; Jamal Adhami
Abstract
Sociological criticism is one of the new and efficient methods of literary texts, which is effective in the analysis of contemporary novels. Considering that novels and short stories are influenced by the conditions of society more than any other literary work and can reflect social structures better ...
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Sociological criticism is one of the new and efficient methods of literary texts, which is effective in the analysis of contemporary novels. Considering that novels and short stories are influenced by the conditions of society more than any other literary work and can reflect social structures better than any other type, therefore sociological criticism is important. This article tries to analyze the novel "Bail Mourners" from Bakhtin's polyphonic point of view using the method of content analysis. Polyphony is one of the key and influential topics in the field of literary and artistic criticism, which was presented by the Russian literary critic and philosopher Bakhtin in the middle of the 20th century. According to his point of view, polyphony in a literary work is such that, apart from the voice of the narrator or author, the voices of other characters are also heard, and none of the voices dominate each other, and in a polyphonic text, discourses rejected by society and unheard voices They can be seen and introduced. Two-way conversations, creating favorable conditions for dialogue, the colorful presence of characters, pluralism, the freedom of characters, as well as intertextual functions such as proverbs and irony, myths, being influenced by literary works, etc. It adds to the polyphony of the text in this work. In this article, an attempt is made to extract the polyphonic expressions of the text and show the effect of each of them in polyphonic text.
Literary interdisciplinary research
jafar fasaei; somayeh rezaee
Abstract
In most of the definitions, myth has been interpreted as the collective wishes of humans . These wishes are sometimes used to interpret and justify the mysterious phenomena of nature, sometimes in the form of counter-narratives against the narrative of nothingness and death, and sometimes in the form ...
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In most of the definitions, myth has been interpreted as the collective wishes of humans . These wishes are sometimes used to interpret and justify the mysterious phenomena of nature, sometimes in the form of counter-narratives against the narrative of nothingness and death, and sometimes in the form of hopes and wishes far from human reach. Along with this range of definitions, and based on contemporary intellectual-philosophical approaches centered on concepts such as power and ideology, myths should not necessarily be considered as emerging from the collective mind of pre-modern man with the above functions, but rather a kind of power-oriented discourse that in Power relations emerge and, like an ideological tool, play a role in strengthening or weakening a particular discourse. From this perspective and with such a reading of the myth, we have followed the relationship between the novel Shohar e ahokhanom and the myth. The results show that Shohar e ahokhanom's novel is actually a secular form of the creation myth, and this myth is encoded in this very important and well-known work by preserving its general lines and frameworks. By placing the myth of creation in the formula of the special reading of the present article of the myth, i.e. the discourse focused on power, it was found that the function of this myth, in accordance with the requirements, issues and problematics of the author's era, was placed in the direction of suppressing women for the benefit of patriarchy
Literary interdisciplinary research
maryam dorpar; helma Amiri
Abstract
رمانس امیرارسلان که در روساخت یک روایت عاشقانۀ طولانی است و در آن حوادث خارق‌العاده روی می‌دهد، مورد توجه ناصرالدین شاه قاجار بوده است. با توجه به این که در نظام پادشاهی، ...
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رمانس امیرارسلان که در روساخت یک روایت عاشقانۀ طولانی است و در آن حوادث خارق‌العاده روی می‌دهد، مورد توجه ناصرالدین شاه قاجار بوده است. با توجه به این که در نظام پادشاهی، شاه در رأس هرم قدرت قرار دارد و روایت-شنویی او می‌تواند معنادار باشد، مسئله‌ای که پژوهش حاضر بدان می‌پردازد، بررسی رابطۀ معنادار بین روایت امیرارسلان با زندگی و شخصیت روایت‌شنو خاص آن- ناصرالدین شاه- است. این مطالعه از طریق بررسی مقولۀ قدرت در رمانس امیرارسلان به انجام می‌رسد؛ با طرح این پرسش‌ها که چه عواملی در ایجاد قدرت فرادست در این رمانس نقش دارند و مقولۀ قدرت به چه انواعی قابل دسته بندی است؟ و چه رابطۀ معناداری بین زندگی و شخصیت ناصرالدین شاه و روایت امیرارسلان وجود دارد؟ نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که در زیرساخت این روایت عاشقانه، قدرت مقوله‌ای پیچیده است که با ابزارهایی مانند برجسته‌سازی و حاشیه‌رانی، شکل‌گیری هویت‌های چندگانه، موقعیت سوژه‌ها، تخاصم و غیریت‌سازی و عشق به‌عنوان ابزاری قدرتمند که مبارزه را به‌عنوان دال مرکزی در درون گفتمان خود دارد، شکل می‌گیرد و به انواع قدرت نرم و قدرت سخت قابل دسته‌بندی است. همچنین نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که امیرارسلان در جایگاه قهرمان، دالی است که جانشین استعاری غیاب بزرگ شجاعت، مسئولیت‌پذیری و اعتماد به نفس بالا در وجود ناصرالدین شاه بوده است و تحقق آرزوهای دست نیافته ناصرالدین شاه - در دوران، کودکی، جوانی و بزرگسالی- در جهان روایت، این قصه را برای او چنان جذاب نموده که چندین بار از زبان نقال زبردست دربار به این قصه گوش فرا داده است.
Literary interdisciplinary research
susan mosaei; jahangir safai; Ebrahim Zaheri abdevand
Abstract
According to Likoff and Johnson,the metaphor of anthropomorphism isontological metaphors through which abstract concepts get a human character and can be related to the attitude and action of the speakerThe object or phenomenon to be describedThe purpose of this research is to examine the anthropomorphism ...
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According to Likoff and Johnson,the metaphor of anthropomorphism isontological metaphors through which abstract concepts get a human character and can be related to the attitude and action of the speakerThe object or phenomenon to be describedThe purpose of this research is to examine the anthropomorphism of the world in Hadiqaand Masnavi in order to show what human qualities these two poets used to givepersonality to the world and in this way,what attitude they aroused in the audienceThe results of theresearch show that Sanai have created the metaphor ofthe world as a human being by attributing the physical moral and social characteristics of humans to the worldThis metaphor includes two more detailed metaphorsthe world as a woman and the world as a human being with moralsocial characteristicsThe subcategories of the metaphorthe world as a woman which was created based on the type of understanding of marriage andfamily relationships,shows that in Sanai poetry,the world of a woman is more prominent and unlike Rumi,in addition to negative moral characteristics,this female world also has a physica andunpleasantappearance,which causes physical and sexual disgust and the audience's action is to avoid itIn themetaphor of the world as a human being with moralsocial characteristics which is also formed based on the knowledge ofsocialinteraction and interpersonal relationships,these two poets have addressed similar images of the world;with the difference that Sanai has portrayed the world as a humanbeing with a vere negative inner world;But in Rumis poetryhe is a human being with positive and negative moral and social characteristics
Literary interdisciplinary research
Mandana Mangeli
Abstract
David Yalom considers solitude as the first principle of anxiety and sufferings of human existence. His principle mostly deals with existential solitude and isolation. Most of the fictional characters of Bilghees Soleimani experience tribulations due to loneliness and desperation and are in a state of ...
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David Yalom considers solitude as the first principle of anxiety and sufferings of human existence. His principle mostly deals with existential solitude and isolation. Most of the fictional characters of Bilghees Soleimani experience tribulations due to loneliness and desperation and are in a state of quandary. Present research by employing descriptive-analytical method seeks to evaluate the aspects of solitude in the fictional works of Bilghees Soleimani from David Yalom’s perspective. On the basis of the finding of the present research, it becomes known that most of the fictional characters of Bilghees So leimani-especially women- despite their encounter with the social shortcomings, seek to find and create their individual identity but they do not succeed in their efforts which ultimately results in their self annihilation and suicide. Meanwhile family plays fundamental role in the loneliness of the fictional characters of Bilqees Soleimani and their pursuit of education in a foreign land further draws them to isolation. Identity and acceptance plays an effective role in the life of a person and his relations with the others. According to research findings, the anxiety in loneliness arises from an individual's severely shattered relationship with the surrounding world.
Literary interdisciplinary research
fatemeh zamani; Ebrahim Kanani
Abstract
The issue of lifestyle is one of the important topics that is discussed in social semiotics.The position of the subject is represented as a discourse field that is lived in inter-subject interactions and realized in a discourse context.This discourse area is based on socio-cultural conventions based ...
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The issue of lifestyle is one of the important topics that is discussed in social semiotics.The position of the subject is represented as a discourse field that is lived in inter-subject interactions and realized in a discourse context.This discourse area is based on socio-cultural conventions based on which the subject interacts with other objects and actions. Eric Landofsky, a social semiotician, in the study of social communication, based on the relationship between the "reference" and "other" groups, has identified four types of "different lifestyles", which include the "snob", "dandy" and "sun worshiper" and "bear" lifestyles. The long history of the class system in Iran and its continuation in the Islamic era until before constitutionalism has organized different lifestyles. Kalileh and Demeneh are among the works that represent the relationship between the ruling and subordinate groups in an allegorical and symbolic way. This article, using Eric Landofsky's approach, examines different lifestyles in the "Lion and Cow" of Kalileh and Demeneh. The result of the present study shows that the snobbish Demeneh represents two types of courtiers' lifestyles (loyal and treacherous) by simulating with the reference group. Like "Dandy", Kalila's behavior tends to be distinguished from the court reference group. At first, like the "sun worshiper", the cow inevitably imitates the reference group, and in the end, like the "bear", it causes its own destruction with an abnormal behavior. The lion, which is a symbol of absolute power, deviates from the ideal king's characteristics by adopting the abnormal behavior style of "bear".
Literary interdisciplinary research
Fatemeh TaghiNezhad; Mohtasham Mohammadi; Alimohammad mahmoudi
Abstract
The main goal of this research is the comparative study of themes influenced by women's discourse and the frequent archetypes of Roza Jamali and Ghadeh al-Samman's poetry. this researchBy using the approach of comparative content analysis, he has examined and criticized the prominent and archetypal ...
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The main goal of this research is the comparative study of themes influenced by women's discourse and the frequent archetypes of Roza Jamali and Ghadeh al-Samman's poetry. this researchBy using the approach of comparative content analysis, he has examined and criticized the prominent and archetypal examples of poetry of the two mentioned poets - which is the result of the introduction of modernism in contemporary poetry in Iranian and Arab societies. Considering that these two poets have many similarities in terms of using words and feminine linguistic elements, their poems have been comparatively analyzed from the aspect of frequent words.The findings showed that they are very similar in terms of female mentality and language and symbolic words, which are all based on the female imaginations of these two poets and have archetypal roots. In fact, both poets have a surreal mentality originating from the subconscious mind. The result of the research also showed that the symbolic language of these two poets is mostly derived from female discourse and refers to the female pronoun of the poet. Also, the female archetypal elements (life, immortality and death) in the poems of these poets have a special power and prominence, which Roza Jamali compares birth and life to the feminine word "earth" and Ghada al-Samman equates female immortality to herself. It is shown by "trees and forests".
Literary interdisciplinary research
Mahnaz Jokari; Saeed Hesampour
Abstract
Motherhood is a concept that its representation in the real world is influenced by theories, history, legends and constructions that are institutionalized in the culture of a nation. In this research, considering the importance of motherhood in young adults' novels, we have investigated the types ...
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Motherhood is a concept that its representation in the real world is influenced by theories, history, legends and constructions that are institutionalized in the culture of a nation. In this research, considering the importance of motherhood in young adults' novels, we have investigated the types of mothers' subjectivity. The purpose of this research is to investigate the variety of mothers' subjectivity in the history of young adults' novels. The approach of the research was to examine the subject and power from Foucault point of view and other theorists, and the research method was qualitative and inductive data analysis. For this purpose, more than 30 fiction works from the 5 recent decades have been reviewed and, in this research, 15 examples in 6 categories of mothers' subjectivity have been extracted. The results of the research show that the subjectivity of mothers in these works from the 50s until now, according to the passage of time, does not vary much and is always defined under the influence of power relations. After examining the works, 6 categories of subjectivity for mothers can be listed: 1. None subjectivity; 2. objective; 3. Accomplice subject; 4. mediating subjectivity (emphasized femininity); 5. discourse subjectivity; 6. Economic subject.
Literary interdisciplinary research
hossein qasemizadeh; bizhan zahiri nan
Abstract
Lily and Majnoon is one of Ganjavi's most important military works in the field of lyrical literature. Nezami depicts one of the most important and famous Arabic love stories in this poem. In this research, using the library study method and in a descriptive-analytical way and using Robert J. Sternbergs ...
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Lily and Majnoon is one of Ganjavi's most important military works in the field of lyrical literature. Nezami depicts one of the most important and famous Arabic love stories in this poem. In this research, using the library study method and in a descriptive-analytical way and using Robert J. Sternbergs love triangle theory. (which is a psychological theory), the character of insane love has been studied, studied and analyzed. Studies show that majnon love in Lily and the majnon system, from Sternberg's point of view, is participatory love; Thus, the majnon enjoys intimacy in relation to a slight negligence; His love consists of components such as the desire to increase the well-being of the beloved, great respect for the beloved, mutual understanding of the parties in the relationship, sharing himself and the property and assets of the parties, gaining emotional support from the beloved, feeling emotional support to the beloved, sincere communication and respect Putting each other into a discussion of intimacy.In addition to intimacy, commitment is another issue that the majnon has in itself, and intimacy and commitment together create a shared love that is the majnon love for Lily. majnon love does not have the side of emotion (passion) in itself.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Fatemeh Mahvan
Abstract
The art of illustrating literary works embellished text and helps to better understand the text. Khayyam's painting of quatrains has attracted the attention of Western painters not only from the perspective of Oriental artists but also with the help of Fitzgerald's translation. This study examines the ...
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The art of illustrating literary works embellished text and helps to better understand the text. Khayyam's painting of quatrains has attracted the attention of Western painters not only from the perspective of Oriental artists but also with the help of Fitzgerald's translation. This study examines the most prominent examples of Khayyam's quatrains from east to west and answers the question of what are the differences between the illustrations of Eastern and Western artists and from what point of view each Have the quatrains have been noticed? One of the most famous Eastern examples is the quatrains of Mohammad Tajvidi's paintings and one of the best Western examples is the paintings of Edmund Sullivan, Gabriel Rosserti, and Gilbert James, which this study deals with. The necessity of research is that although in the West, a great deal of attention has been paid to the illustration of quatrains, but the Iranians have not paid enough attention to Khayyam's poems, especially its illustrations, and the existing paintings are mainly market art. Therefore, comparing these drawings with Western examples can further reveal the visual capabilities of the quatrains. The results show that Iranian painters were content to create an image equivalent to the quatrains, but Western artists took an interpretive approach to the quatrains and tried to create innovative images for Khayyam's quatrains through mythological symbols and the link between Eastern and Western culture.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Hadi Yousefi
Abstract
Social psychosis or cultural trauma is a term of medical knowledge and one of the new topics in the field of cultural sociology, which is used in the sense of individual and social psychological injuries. And at certain times, such as war and violence, etc., it dominates a society and makes the people ...
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Social psychosis or cultural trauma is a term of medical knowledge and one of the new topics in the field of cultural sociology, which is used in the sense of individual and social psychological injuries. And at certain times, such as war and violence, etc., it dominates a society and makes the people of that community react in certain way. A study of Iranian society during and after the Arab invasion; That is, during their rule over Iran - which clearly led to the cultural, linguistic and identity violation of Iranians- It indicates that the Iranian society is suffering from psychosis, or cultural trauma, which has provoked numerous reactions, from armed struggle to cultural activities. Ferdowsi is one of the people who, with a conscious understanding of cultural trauma and knowledge of its treatment methods, took a step towards the revival of Iranian society. Therefore, the present article, in a descriptive-analytical manner and with an example, examines Ferdowsi's wise strategies in order to cure the psychological wounds of Iranian society. The results show that Ferdowsi has considered three specific strategies of thought, identity and language and has developed all three strategies simultaneously with the composition of Shahnameh and finally warned the Iranian audience throughout the ages that if a nation in order to survive, he must preserve his language, and in his opinion, preserving the language is equal to preserving his identity and everything that depends on it.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Afsaneh Ghiyasvand; Mohsen Akbari
Abstract
Every narrative is made up of elements, and these narrative elements take certain forms and methods based on the listening narrative and the concepts focused in it. Narrative rhetoric is the supervisor of the influence of narration on listening narration, which also shows the conscious creation of narrations ...
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Every narrative is made up of elements, and these narrative elements take certain forms and methods based on the listening narrative and the concepts focused in it. Narrative rhetoric is the supervisor of the influence of narration on listening narration, which also shows the conscious creation of narrations to convey concepts. Majid's stories are among the works of fiction that are created based on the representation of the cognitive world of children and adolescents and are suitable for their mental world. This research, with a descriptive and analytical method, seeks to explain the role of rhetoric in the narration of these stories. The results of the research indicate that: Hoshang Moradi Kermani, in the form of a character in the story (a young narrator), adheres to the requirements of the world of children and teenagers and the specific language of their narratives, and creates images of tangible and tangible things. which is very compatible with the cognitive world of children and adolescents. Paying attention to listening narration in these stories has made the language and expression of the stories, the rhetoric hidden in them, the narrative mechanisms and the concepts focused in them to be used in accordance with the listening narration.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Sareh Malaki; Fahime Pahlavan
Abstract
The subject of this research is the manifestation of visual puns in poster design. In this research, first, the array of puns and their types were introduced, then visual puns and how to use them in poster design were investigated. The target community in this research is the social posters designed ...
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The subject of this research is the manifestation of visual puns in poster design. In this research, first, the array of puns and their types were introduced, then visual puns and how to use them in poster design were investigated. The target community in this research is the social posters designed on the topic of AIDS in America, which were designed in 2008 and 2009, and the designers used puns as the main basis for creating their work. Among these, the two posters that had the most variables discussed in the research were examined as the sample population. The purpose of this research is the comparative study of the array of puns in words and how it is manifested in poster design. The current research is applied and its method is qualitative from the perspective of research data. This means that first, the desired variables in the posters of the sample community, which were collected by referring to electronic sources, using the method of observation, coding, and extracted from the samples, then in the form of four categories of visual, symbolic, linguistic and The use of visual puns were also investigated. In general, the results of this research showed that just as puns in words are considered a kind of summary writing and make the words beautiful and effective, visual puns can also help designers as one of the best creative ways to solve graphic design problems.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Saeedeh Tahiri Rustomi; Mandana Mangeli
Abstract
The present article examines the behavioural traits of the characters in the novel 'Autumn Is the Final Season’ by Naseem Marashi (born in 1363) which is based on the theory of traits propounded by Ramond Bernard Cattell (1905-1998). The main characters of the novel are three women named Leila, ...
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The present article examines the behavioural traits of the characters in the novel 'Autumn Is the Final Season’ by Naseem Marashi (born in 1363) which is based on the theory of traits propounded by Ramond Bernard Cattell (1905-1998). The main characters of the novel are three women named Leila, Roja and Shabana who have behavioural traits emanating from migration, family, emotions and works. One of the views related to personality can be called the theory of Ramond Bernard Cattell. This theory tries to describe a person’s traits that are caused by his behavioral personality. His formal traits are obvious and superficial and are of short duration. According to Raymond Cattell deep traits are embedded and more prominent in a person. Ramond Cattell enumerates sixteen factors which form the traits of a character. This article is a descriptive analysis of them and answers to the fundamental question that which type of character in the novel ‘Autumn Is the Final Season’ fits into the theory of Cattell. According to the result of my research which was conducted on Ramond Cattell’s theory which shows that the character in the novel happens to be more anxious and disturbed.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Sachli Emami; Shahram Hemmatzadeh
Abstract
Abstract:
Literary works and social issues are closely interrelated. By reading these works social nuance can also be examined and understood. Women and their status in different societies have always been among the most important issues throughout history. This paper aims to study the themes of sexuality ...
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Abstract:
Literary works and social issues are closely interrelated. By reading these works social nuance can also be examined and understood. Women and their status in different societies have always been among the most important issues throughout history. This paper aims to study the themes of sexuality and genderism in two short stories by Sadegh Hedayat, "The Woman Who Lost Her Husband" and Anton Chekhov, "The Lady with the Dog" to compare and examine the intellectual and literary relations between the two authors. In fact, through the combination of interdisciplinary Women's Studies and Literature, issues and questions are raised, which are the goals of both disciplines. For this purpose, by conducting directional content analysis we extracted, categorized, coded, and interpreted the gendered language's elements by the concepts of Paknahad Jabarouti's model and the fundamental values of feminism in both stories. Due to the abundance of gendered words in Hedayat's story, linguistically it is thoroughly gendered, and he has made good use of this tool to portray the patriarchal society of his day. However, in Chekhov's story, fewer gender-biased words are used, and as the end of the story approaches, the use of these words is reduced.
Literary interdisciplinary research
zahra alidoosti; sajad najafi behzadi; Ebrahim Zaheri abdevand
Abstract
picture books play an important role in education, as well as the formation and development of the mental dimensions and information of the child and adolescent audience about the character, content, space and mood of the story. One of the important functions of the image is to convey the atmosphere, ...
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picture books play an important role in education, as well as the formation and development of the mental dimensions and information of the child and adolescent audience about the character, content, space and mood of the story. One of the important functions of the image is to convey the atmosphere, tone and content of old stories for children and teenagers. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is one of the texts rewritten for teenagers. The use of the image element in the rewriting of this precious work introduces the audience to the heroes, national myths and the epic atmosphere of the story. The purpose of this essay is to investigate and analyze the images of the rewritten stories of the Shahnameh based on the text and image components of Pari Nodelman. Nodelman suggests six components for depicting the story. This research, with a descriptive-analytical method, aims to answer the questions that the images of the rewritten stories correspond to Nodelman's six components about the image. 2. Which component of Nodelman's six cases can be seen in the images of the rewritten stories? 3. Which narration's rewritten images (Salehi or Fattahi) are more consistent with the six components? The results showed that the images of the rewritten stories (according to Salehi and Fattahi) are more consistent with the first (the most elementary connection between the text and the image) and the second (the image merely presents the visual equivalent of the words) components of Nodelman's theory.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Issa Amankhani; Parisa Rafiee
Abstract
Introduction
One of the subjects that must be addressed in the study of contemporary Iranian literature is the impact of political, philosophical, and economic systems, or more precisely, the history of ideas. For example, understanding our contemporary literature is impossible without familiarity with ...
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Introduction
One of the subjects that must be addressed in the study of contemporary Iranian literature is the impact of political, philosophical, and economic systems, or more precisely, the history of ideas. For example, understanding our contemporary literature is impossible without familiarity with the views of existentialist philosophers (Sartre, Heidegger, Camus, etc.) just as a precise comprehension of contemporary literature cannot be claimed without knowledge of Marxism and the thoughts of its intellectuals. This issue can be extended to other fields such as zoology. Darwin, the great nineteenth-century zoologist, though a zoologist, soon caught the attention of elites in other fields (especially in the humanities) who attempted to apply his theory to their own area of study. This is why we encounter many individuals, not only in the West but also in Iran, who have openly spoken of their influence by Darwin and his thought; Malik al-Shu'ara Bahar is one of these individuals. In his famous book on stylistics, he followed Darwin and his method, trying to examine the evolution of vocabulary in the same way Darwin had examined the evolution of animals. The influence of Darwin's views was not limited to stylistics and occurred in other areas such as literary criticism.
Review
The present research aims to show the various forms of Darwin's influence on contemporary literature. This study attempts to answer several questions related to Darwin and his impact on contemporary literature. These questions include: Which contemporary poets and writers have been influenced by Darwin in creating their literary works? To what extent has the emergence of a new definition of literary criticism in the contemporary era been due to Iranians' familiarity with Darwin's ideas? How did Darwin's theory inspire Malik al-Shu'ara Bahar in establishing the science of stylistics? What role has Darwin's theory played in strengthening modern literary modernity in contemporary Iran?
Methodology
The methodology of the current research is citation-based and relies on the examination of documents, books, and dissertations written in the contemporary period (from the late Qajar dynasty to the Islamic Revolution). Initially, all works written about Darwin or inspired by Darwin's theory were collected, and then, with a critical eye, various forms of Darwin's influence (in fields such as literary criticism, literary modernity, etc.) were examined and categorized.
Conclusion
The influence of Darwin and his ideas on Persian literature is much greater than it appears at first glance. This influence can be examined in four different forms. A) Content-wise: Some Iranian poets and writers, who rightly believed in Darwin's views, expressed Darwin's teachings in their works; Mirzadeh Eshghi is the most famous of these poets. However, apart from him, others like Sadegh Hedayat, who in the story of "Adam's Fathers," were influenced by Darwin's theory, can be mentioned. B) Literary modernity: The presence of Darwin's ideas in the essays of pioneers of literary modernity is evident. This presence is most notable in the works of Bahar and then in the essay "Old and New" by Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani. These innovators referred to Darwin and his views on the gradual evolution of beings to prove the gradual and peaceful (not revolutionary) nature of literary modernity. C) Stylistics: Bahar acknowledges his debt to Darwin in his own stylistics and his book on stylistics to the extent that it can be boldly stated that without familiarity with Darwin's theory, a deep understanding of Bahar's stylistics would not be possible. D) Modern literary criticism: A comparative analysis of the characteristics of modern literary criticism with Darwin's views leaves no doubt that modern literary criticism has been influenced by the Darwinian worldview that dominated the modern era.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Elham Ebrahimi; Amier Abas Azizifar
Abstract
Introduction
Mokhtari's Shahryar nameh is one of the epic and mythological poems with a relatively large volume, the structure of which contains a main narrative and several sub-narratives. A romance has been expressed that, according to the action and confrontation of the characters in them, in the ...
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Introduction
Mokhtari's Shahryar nameh is one of the epic and mythological poems with a relatively large volume, the structure of which contains a main narrative and several sub-narratives. A romance has been expressed that, according to the action and confrontation of the characters in them, in the depth and depth of these romantic sub-narratives, various similarities and combinations with mythological themes and components can be found, and these mythological components can reflect certain fields of psychology. For this reason, in this research, the recognition of such mythological components in the romantic sub-narratives of Shahryar nameh and the explanation of the possibility or impossibility of reflecting the psychological fields through these mythological components, is presented as an important research problem, and their analysis can provide an answer to the research problem. In this research, three major questions are raised as follows: 1. Can the romantic narratives of Shahryar nameh Mokhtari be a subject to be investigated in terms of mythological and psychological criticism?
In case of a positive answer to the first question; What is the mythology of Shahryar nameh 's love stories in terms of mythological criticism of the narrator?
What archetypes or areas of psychological science do these myths reflect in their depth?
The theory proposed in this research states that the romantic narratives in Shahryar nameh, like many epic stories, narrate various myths that can be analyzed from the point of view of psychology. Regarding the background of the research, only a few researches have been conducted on the subject of Shahryar nameh: Reza Ghafouri (2016) in an article titled "Attitude to Shahryar nameh and its Compilation Period" has investigated the most important differences between several manuscripts. Hassanpour and Qavam (2021) in the article "Archetypal Criticism of Shahryar nameh based on Jung's theory" based on Jung's analytical psychology in a different way from the method of this article by analyzing the symbolic numbers of the poem and Nine steps of Shahryar, his journey and journey in nine steps are symbolized.
Review
Among the heroic texts of Iran, the story of the bravery of Shahryar is found in the Shahryar nameh poem, and in the Iranian folk texts. This work contains a main narrative and several sub-narratives. The main narrative of this work is the story of Shahryar, Barzo's son, from Sistan and going to India and finally returning to Iran and Sistan. All the sub-narratives of this work are eventually somehow connected with Shahryar's story. Many of the adventures in this poem are reminiscent of the stories of the Shah nama; In a way that in many places the poet clearly refers to the above-mentioned stories, such as: kidnapping of Delaram by Mezrab Div following the story of Akwan Div, nine steps of Shahryar like seven steps of Rostam, … In this article, only two relatively romantic narratives related to Shahryar are analyzed, each of them in one of the layers of meaning is a manifestation of Carl Gustav Jung's theories of individuality process and perfectionist self-knowledge and George Fraser's fertility myth. According to Jung, due to the collective unconscious origin of the subjects and the basis of legends, myths and stories are common and specific and are repeated always and everywhere, in fact, archetypes are the materials of the hereditary building of the human psyche in the formation of literary works. According to this reading, Zabul (Iran) is in the self-conscious state of Shahryar, who, due to Zal's (symbolic father) Shahryar's blame and lack of attention, has left it and entered the unconscious (India) by turning his back on the current reality. At this stage of his life, a wise and helpful old man in the form of a merchant takes care of him and provides the ground for change and exit from this stage by taking Shahryar to the public meeting of Arjang Shah and playing polo. During Arjang Shah's visit, the unruly elephant, attacked, who kills people and arms in the city square (sparks of power and inner ability), plays the role of a shadow in Shahryar's psyche, which, when Shahryar overcomes it, falls to the lower layers of the unconscious, and pushed back. After acting, Shahryar, by attracting the positive look and trust of Arjang Shah (symbolic father), again faced his real and class face, the warrior class, and accepted it, and with the meeting of Arjang Shah's daughter (Anima) and the projection of failed love and lack of affection Finally, by accepting the social role of a warlord, his motherly self reaches a psychological balance and harmony between consciousness and unconsciousness. A god or a hero goes to battle with the dragon and kills him, as a result, the water flows again and is free, and once again greenness and vitality return to nature.
Conclusion
From the point of view of Jung's psychological analysis, in this work, Zabul (Iran) is in the self-conscious state of Shahryar, who, due to Zal's (symbolic father) blame and lack of attention, Shahryar leaves it and enters India (the realm of the unconscious) and by choosing clothes and the mask of agriculture lives with anonymity instead of the mask of the warrior class; But as soon as he meets and gets to know the Iranian merchant (the wise old man of the story), the ground for his transformation is provided, and by confronting and overcoming the elephant, he becomes repressed (the shadow) and attracts the positive look and trust of Arjang Shah (the symbolic father) again with his real and classy face. That is, the warrior class faced and accepted it, and by marrying Arjang Shah's daughter (Anima), he reached harmony between consciousness and unconsciousness and went through the process of separation. From the point of view of the myth of dragon slaying and fertility, Shahryar is the hero of dragon slaying, who follows the abduction of the goddess of fertility (Delaram) by a dragon or a drought demon (Mezrab-Div) under the guidance of a worldly person (Jumhorshah) with the aim of releasing the goddess, steps on the path of Noh Khan and by going through different stages, he succeeds in freeing the girl from the whole (the world of the dead) and accomplishes his mission. In another reading, Shahryar is a martyred god who is symbolically killed by the conspiracy of a rival god (Frank) and is imprisoned in a whole (the world of the dead) until the goddess of fertility (Delaram) travels to the world of the dead with a disguised face and causes freedom and return.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Nahid Behmanesh; Foroogh Kazemi
Abstract
Introduction
According to the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, metaphor is the result of cognitive patterns in the mind and it is part of the thought. In this view metaphor is a mechanism for conceptualization and each concept to any extend abstract and complex, can be structured by various metaphors which ...
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Introduction
According to the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, metaphor is the result of cognitive patterns in the mind and it is part of the thought. In this view metaphor is a mechanism for conceptualization and each concept to any extend abstract and complex, can be structured by various metaphors which each of them is a part of comprehensive metaphorical systems, together achieve the complex goal of describing that concept with its all aspects as we understand them. Although such metaphors do not present a single continuous objective image; they are overlapping and hence have coherence.
World concept is an abstract concept that has been usually taken into account in Persian literature. In present research the main issue is to study the overlapping of “world” structural metaphors in Sa’adi’s and Parvin’s poems. This study has been concentrated on “world” structural metaphors to answer the following questions: a) what are the structural metaphors of “world” target domain in Sa’adi’s and Parvin’s poems? b) How is metaphorical coherence and overlap of “world” structural metaphors in both poets’ poems?
A study that has paid its attention on overlapping and coherence of metaphors is for Hezaji and other (2020) by the name of “The Process of Coherence between the Conceptual Metaphors of the Holy Quran”. The researchers found Quran’s metaphorical language has offered coherence to all the desired concepts and thoughts towards its main goal. Among studies have been done about Life concept that is similar to World concept is Charteris-Black’s study (2017) that has surveyed metaphors of competition and ideology. He concluded that the effort for the creation of power is the result of ideological metaphor “Life as a race”. Luo (2018) by a corpus-based study on Life concept has discovered Chinese Life metaphors on the base of the cognitive linguistics approach.
This research is a theoretical descriptive-analytic research. To find answers to questions, after mentioning the background; first Lakoff and Jhonsn’s (2003) cognitive perspective about metaphors and metaphorical coherence has been studied. Then based on the concepts of this view, the overlapping of metaphors of “world” in poems of Sa’adi and Parvin has been examined. Data have been gathered from Sa’adi’s (2002) and Parvin’s (2018) Ghasides and Ghetaas by taking notes. For discovering “world” structural metaphor, it was an attempt for extraction of both categories of explicit and contextual metaphorical mappings from the text through a deep studying. Then quantitative and qualitative comparison and analysis was done. It is noteworthy that some poems have had more than a “world” conceptual metaphor; therefore they have been repeated in related conceptual metaphors. In present research for each poet 1200 Ghasides and Ghetaas were chosen by random sampling method.
Review
The survey of the structural metaphors of “world” in Sa’adi’s and Parvin’s poems shows because of the abstract essence of the concept and hence lack of its clarity, both poets have tried to express it through metaphors. Metaphors “world is journey”; “world is building”; “world is farm” in both poets’ poems convey a solid cultural foundation and are overlapped and hence have coherence. The base of overlapping of the mentioned metaphors is highlighting surface, progress, and content in a different way. In “world is journey” the surface can be passed by a specified program, in addition; its content is our behaviors on this path. In “world is building” the surface is the foundation and its content is life. In “world is farm” the surface is covered by careful attention to actions and behavior and its content determines the type of the life after death. Although each of the World metaphors in both poets’ poems makes understandable one aspect of life; altogether concentrate on all aspects of “world”. These metaphors in both poets’ poems grounded in correlation within their experience and conception of world; however, metaphorical variety of “world” concept is more in Parvin’s poems, generally there is an overlap among their aims.
Conclusion
The findings show among 94 extracted “world” structural metaphors, 21 have been seen in Sa’adi’s poems and 73 have been discovered in Parvin’s poems. Common structural source domains in both poets’ poems for conceptualizing “world” are building, journey, sea, farm, economy and war. Furthermore, the frequency of occurrence of structural metaphors “world is journey”; “world is building”; “world is farm” is high in both poets’ poems. The metaphor “world is farm” refers to the importance and role of how to live and shows the content of life for achieving the goals. The mentioned metaphor is overlapped with metaphors “world is journey” and “world is building”.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Reza Jamshidi; Ghodrat Ghasemipour; Asad Abshirini
Abstract
Introduction
One of the common features between myths and fairy tales is shapeshifting, which is manifested by changing the shape of fictional characters into non-human beings, such as animals, demons, plants, fairies, gods, etc. The marriage of a maiden with a nonhuman (mostly a snake) has many manifestations ...
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Introduction
One of the common features between myths and fairy tales is shapeshifting, which is manifested by changing the shape of fictional characters into non-human beings, such as animals, demons, plants, fairies, gods, etc. The marriage of a maiden with a nonhuman (mostly a snake) has many manifestations in Iranian fairy tales, and its traces can be traced in several narratives, such as "Sultan-e- Mar's play, Mirza Mast-o-khomar and Bibi Mehrnegar, Shah Khestekhumar, the story of Ah, Mehrinnegar and Sultan-e-mar" and many other oral narratives originating from different regions of Iran. In European literature, there are numerous “Div-o-Delbar” stories in which a maiden marries a nonhuman being. Human-animal marriage has a mythological background in European literature, but in Persian literature, it is not possible to consider a mythological background for this type of literature, because in Iranian myths, contrary to folk traditions, there is not much evidence of this type of marriage.
Procedure
Review
In the writing of the first part of this article, we delve into the effects the aforementioned narratives have had on one another through the French approach of comparative literature; and in the second part, with an eye to the "psychoanalytic and archetypal" approaches, the discussed narratives are analyzed and their similarities and differences are explored. In psychoanalytic analysis, the theory and approaches of Freudian thinkers are the basis of work, and in archetypal analysis, the theory and approaches of Jungian thinkers.
Considering the fact that there are different narrations of the aforementioned works, it is necessary to mention the sources and versions from which the narratives are taken. The works that are the basis of the analysis are:
1- The story of "The girl who married a snake" from the Panchatantra attributed to Vishnu Sharma (see. Sharma, 1925: 177-179) and also the translation of this story from the book of Shirin and Delneshin Stories (Kalila and Demaneh): 27 short and informative stories from Panchatantra (see Kumar, 2013: 68-71).
2- The mythological narrative of "Psyche and Cupid" from the book "Golden Ass" by Apuleius (cf. Apuleius, 1393: 171-122).
3- The folk tale "Beauty and the Beast" taken from the book "Beauty and the Beast" (cf. Luprince De Beaumont, 2015).
4- The folk tale of "Mirza Mast-o-khomar and Bibi Mehrnegar" which is taken from the book "the Encyclopedia of the legends of Iranian People" (cf. Darvishian and Khandan, 1399: 14/627-637) and has been analyzed among its Iranian counterparts.
The Transformation of a Narrative
The myth of Cupid and Psyche is a Roman story that was first mentioned in Lucius Apuleius' Golden Donkey, and due to the similarities between Roman and Greek gods, it entered Greek mythology in later periods. Although Friedrich Creuzer hypothesized that the myth of Cupid and Psyche is Iranian (Benson, 2020: 276) and Richard Reitzenstein also considered Iranian Gnostic origins for this story (Tommasi Moreschini, 2013: 126), but due to the fact that there is no evidence that shows this myth has been influenced by Iranian myths or stories, these hypotheses cannot be confirmed. One of the reasons given by these thinkers for the Iranian origins of the myth of Cupid and Psyche is that the Mithraic religion of Rome was taken from the Iranian Mithraic (Mehri) religion, and the narrative of Cupid and Psyche entered Roman mythology from the Mehri religion, and the other reason is that this narrative is based on the principles by which the school of Pythagoreanism (Pythagoreanism) was formed.
Another hypothesis which cannot be relied on is that the myth of Cupid and Psyche is taken from the folk tale "The girl who married the snake" in Pancha Tantra (See: Bottigheimer, 1989: 5 & Zipes, 2013: 205-206) due to the fact that there is no document to prove that the Romans had access to the Pancha Tantra in the second century AD and the considerable differences between the narratives. Considering that Lucius Apuleius was one of the Romans who lived in Africa and was born in the city of Madaurus, which is located in today's Algeria, and the proximity of this land to Egypt and the possible knowledge of him and other residents of the city of Madaurus of Egyptian legends and myths , it can be said that the hypothesis of the influence of the myth of Cupid and Psyche is more stable than the myth of Isis and Osiris; Because in addition to the proximity of Egypt and Algeria and the great possibility of the people of Madaura being aware of Egyptian legends and myths, several other reasons can be considered to strengthen this hypothesis, which are: 1- The numerous similarities between the two mythological narratives, 2- Both of the narratives have dealt with the legends of gods and 3- sacred marriage in these myths.
There is a story with a very similar narrative in the Indian Pancha Tantra, which, in comparison with the Roman myth, some Iranian narratives have many similarities to; this story is "A girl who married a snake." Considering the access of Iranians to Pancha Tantra and its entry into Persian literature, what can be more likely is to consider Iranian stories as ones influenced by the story of "The Girl Who Married a Snake" and European stories of human-animal marriage such as Beauty and the Beast and East of the Sun, West of the Moon as stories derived from the myth of Cupid and Psyche. It can also be said that there are mixed stories from Indian stories and Roman myths in Persian literature, which the influence of both narratives can be seen on them. Among them are the stories of "Mirza Mast-o-khomar and Bibi Mehrnegar" and "The Girl and the Jujubee Tree" in which traces of the Roman myth can be seen as well as the influence of the Indian story. Since the history of oral stories is not known, it is not possible to say in what period and how this combination took place.
4) Psychological and archetypal analysis of human-animal marriage in the investigated traditions
In the psychoanalytic approach to these narratives, they can be considered as an allegory of the initial fear of teenage girls in their first sexual encounter with men; It means that the narratives in which teenage girls see men as demons are considered to be symbolic, and in fact, they show the girl’s primary sexual anxiety in avoiding the loss of virginity imposed by the society and the environment. Moreover, in these narratives, we can see manifestations of Oedipus complex and Electra complex, which in the myth of "Cupid and Psyche" we witness its male type, that is, Oedipus complex, and in the two-folk tales, the Electra complex.
Conclusion
Through the archetypal lens, these stories can also be considered as an allegory of the journey of heroin and her desire for individuality. Another thing that is prominent in the archetypal approach to these narratives is the encounter with the archetypes of anima, animus and shadow, which has various manifestations. Furthermore, the confrontation between patriarchal, matriarchal and feminist attitudes is another archetypal situation that exists in these three narratives, which is accomplished by the dominance of the female hero(heroine).
Literary interdisciplinary research
sanaz khoshhesab; moosa parnian; soussan jabri
Abstract
Introduction
Nowadays, literary sociology theory, as an appropriate mechanism for recognition and social and cultural analysis, has been considered by literary scholars. Among the many works, stories are more inclusive of various social issues that can be studied more deeply than the writer's community. ...
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Introduction
Nowadays, literary sociology theory, as an appropriate mechanism for recognition and social and cultural analysis, has been considered by literary scholars. Among the many works, stories are more inclusive of various social issues that can be studied more deeply than the writer's community. In the meantime, the titles of the stories as the first sign that the reader is encountered, reveal the secrets of the quality and content of the work, the thoughts and feelings of the author, and especially the environmental conditions of the creation of the work. Hence, the titles of the works represent both emotional, social, historical, indigenous and climatic situations and in a wider range of metaphors, metaphors, metaphors, allegories and compositions or symbolic phrases that convey their creator's feelings, thoughts and beliefs to the audience.
The question of this research is that what the social conditions surrounding the creation of the work have had in the title of contemporary stories from 1941 to 1978?
In this research, we have analyzed the titles of Persian stories from 1953 to 1978. The research method is a descriptive analysis which is done as a library method.
Review
Much has been said about contemporary fiction and the examination of various aspects of its long and short stories. Sometimes the works of a storyteller and sometimes periodically or stylistically examine.
In general, there has not been an independent research on the topic of "title" of Persian stories from 1953 to 1978 with a sociological approach.
Conclusion
In reviewing about 1200 of the titles of stories written in the years (1953-1978), we find that bitter streaks of despair, tyranny and repression of the coup of August 1953 (1953-1963) are seen in the story plans of post-coup years. In the second period (1963-1978), reactions to the sudden arrival of modernity and its influence on the social structure of traditional Iran are evident. The findings showed that the titles of the stories were influenced by the social conditions of the creation of the work following the plotting of the story in these two historical periods.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Asiyeh Zabihnia Emran
Abstract
Introduction
The theory of ethics of care is one of the attractive and innovative perspectives in contemporary moral education which is worth contemplating and attention from psychological and philosophical perspectives. In the works of Sa’di, both in his poetry and prose, there are many phrases, ...
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Introduction
The theory of ethics of care is one of the attractive and innovative perspectives in contemporary moral education which is worth contemplating and attention from psychological and philosophical perspectives. In the works of Sa’di, both in his poetry and prose, there are many phrases, verses and anecdotes that can be examined and researched from the perspective of different sciences and knowledge, such as philosophy and psychology. Sa’di, with all his knowledge, wisdom and awareness, has used methods similar to the principles of the theory of ethics of care in addressing and improving social issues faced by individuals in society. By revisiting his works and studying the intellectual similarities between Sa’di and other thinkers, a solid foundation can be established for cultural and intellectual exchanges between different cultures and schools of thought. Today, fields such as philosophy, management, sociology, psychology, literature, and others are linked to the topics of education and moral upbringing, and the analysis of textual patterns and literary prose works provides valuable insights into social problems.
Mosleh al-Din Sa’di Shirazi (606-690 AH) is an Iranian poet and writer who has spoken about teaching moral subjects and is regarded as one of the great social mentors who considers education as the foundation of human well-being and happiness. Consequently, he has incorporated practical wisdom and educational admonitions in his poems and stories.
This study demonstrates that some of Sa’di's poems and stories are consistent and similar to the theoretical foundations and concepts of ethics of care and compassion-based educational theories proposed by Nel Noddings (born in 1929), an American philosopher of education. Noddings considers human beings as the center of moral education and believes that individuals, when faced with compassion, experience a state of distress and anxiety. As a result of this awakening, they recognize the needs of others, similar to their own needs, and strive to fulfill them, to the extent that they consider the needs of others as their own.
Methodology
This article is an interdisciplinary research in the field of humanities, conducted using a descriptive method based on content analysis and data collection from library resources. The study is a survey that focuses on evaluating content extraction. To analyze the data, the concepts and content of Nel Noddings' theory of care were extracted based on her works, and then a comparative study was conducted between Sa’di's "Golestan" and "Boostan" and the theoretical foundations and principles of Nel Noddings' ethics of care to determine and interpret the level of alignment of the poems and stories.
The present article answers the following question in its core discussion:
What are the instances of ethics of care from Nel Noddings' perspective in Sa’di's works?
Conclusion
In his works, Sa’di is compassionate towards all the people of the world. He desires kindness for all humanity and advocates for peace. . He empathizes with the disabled and the unfortunate and encourages and advises benefactors to act kindly and virtuously
Discussion and Conclusion
Based on the research findings, Sa’di's works extensively exhibit emotional concern for others and compassion for people globally. Attention to human values and emotional concern is a significant aspect of Sa’di's relational ethics. Some key specific findings of this article are as follows:
Ethics of care from Nel Noddings and Sa’di emphasize affection. Ethics is evoked by a sense of duty, which is the essence of ethics of compassion
- According to Sa’di and Noddings, the main basis of moral education is responsible behavior, acceptance and accountability.
- Ethics based on the authenticity of affection, is approved by Sa’di and Noddings.
- Sa’di's ethics of compassion is universal and encompasses all humankind. In Sa’di's worldview, benevolence and assistance to others should be demonstrated through actions, and those who practice selflessness are superior to others.
- Sa’di and Noddings talk about maintaining and establishing communication between people. Communication gives meaning to human life.
- According to Noddings’ emotional school and Sa’di's view, the feeling of sympathy and emotionalism makes us share in the sadness and happiness of others. Sa’di, in the first chapter of Boostan, under the title "On justice, planning, and judgement", equates those who do not have a spirit of benefit to others as stones.
- From the point of view of Sa’di and Noddings, the ethics of care leads us to treat others ethically.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Samane Refahi; Nemat-allah Iranzadeh
Abstract
Introduction
Throughout history, human settlement on the planet has gone through a hierarchy and has brought different ways of dwelling. At each stage of dwelling, by providing the needs of the previous stage, man has set foot on a new stage and improved his dwelling methods. "Dwelling is not just about ...
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Introduction
Throughout history, human settlement on the planet has gone through a hierarchy and has brought different ways of dwelling. At each stage of dwelling, by providing the needs of the previous stage, man has set foot on a new stage and improved his dwelling methods. "Dwelling is not just about having a roof over your head and a flat ground under your feet." Different ways of settlement have taken place in pursuit of the realization of the goal or the set of goals of humans. Each of these ways of dwelling on the earth is realized with the help of specific architectural buildings to that dwelling, and each architectural building has its unique characteristics due to being in a certain category of dwelling. This unique feature of architecture, in addition to the analysis of architectural buildings, can also be used in literary analysis. In the interdisciplinary studies of architecture and fiction, with the knowledge of the classification of buildings and their special way of settlement, literary analyses can be enriched and the relationship between architectural buildings and narrative can be examined from this perspective.
Methods
In the theory of The Concept of Dwelling, Christian Norberg-Schultz has divided the types of dwelling into four categories: Settlement, collective, public, and private dwelling. The city and the urban spaces form the collective dwelling, institutions are the place of the realization of the public dwelling and the house is the place of the realization of the private dwelling. Therefore, every architectural building, by being placed in one of the four ways of dwelling and their subsets, shows a form of manifestation of the existence between the earth and the sky and brings a unique appearance to the platform that is different from the others. For example, Norberg-Schultz compares the two architectural buildings of the church and the city hall in his book and believes that the church emphasizes "heavenly" concepts and the city hall pays attention to "earthly" aspects. This form of manifestation of existence in architectural buildings can be traced in fiction. In Samfoni-e Mordegan, the relationship and interest of each of the characters to a specific architectural building, with its specific settlement characteristics, form the identity of those characters. In other words, the type of residence they choose, reveals different aspects of their personality. This research seeks to answer the question, what are the unique features and characteristics of the architectural buildings with different residences in this novel, and how can these architectural spaces with different characteristics interact with the elements of the story and reveal the identity of the characters? In a general view, what capacities does architecture with this unique feature provide for the writer of fiction to express the desired concepts to describe the characters and represent their identity?
Discussion
In Samfoni-e Mordegan, buildings and architectural elements such as Caravanserai, Ghahveh-Khaneh and house, kitchen, storeroom, window, and threshold were discussed and investigated. After the investigation, it was found that the architectural buildings are not just a setting for the plot of the story, but they have come to the aid of characterization in several different ways and have revealed the identity of the characters: the house, Ghahveh-Khaneh, and the Caravanserai are the continuation of the characters in this story. As a place of private residence with unique characteristics, which make it an impenetrable fortress, the house is equal to the father, who, although he seeks to bring the family together - like the function of the house - rules and doesn't let anyone into his world. The Ghahveh-Khaneh, which is designed in the place of an architectural building for public dwelling, represents Aydin as a cultural and intellectual character, who has also been pushed aside and rejected by Shurabi Lake; Also, at the beginning of the story, it is a warm, intimate and bright environment, and at the end of the story, it turns into a ruin. All these images remind Aydin, who as a child and teenager is full of passion and life and seeks to gain knowledge, but after a while, he is rejected by his family and the actions and behavior of his father and Urhan turn him into a madman. The Caravanserai, which in traditional Persian literature is a metaphor for the world, and in the story is also the place where the fire is built and the smoke rises from there, is equal to Urhan, who is a person who loves the world and is the cause of many problems of the Urkhani family, especially Aydin. In another connection between architecture and narrative, the author has described the character of Aydin with the help of the implied meanings of the basement as the place of the dead, and as it was also mentioned in the story of Aydin's mind in the fourth movement, Aydin is searching for the past and the dead and the reason for Aydin's interest in The basement also lies in this point. Finally, the elements of the kitchen and storage space, as well as the window, are used as a threshold to help describe Aida's character. The author shows the character of Aida to the reader by showing the meaning of the kitchen.
Conclusion
The analysis and rereading of the novel Samfoni-e Mordegan based on the theory of Norberg-Scholtz's Concept of Dwelling revealed a new dimension of this novel. After this analysis, it became clear that the architectural places in this novel are not just a background for the story to take place and have a role beyond this. Architectural places such as house, Ghahveh-Khaneh and Caravanserai are located in correspondence with fictional characters with the help of parallelism. Jaber Urkhani is parallel to the house, the Ghahveh-Khaneh is parallel to Aydin, and the Caravanserai is parallel to Urhan.
Literary interdisciplinary research
khadijeh satyarvand; taggeh poornamdarian; Yousef Mohammad
Abstract
Ahmed Shamlou is considered one of the famous figures of new poetry. Since the image is often one of the important elements of poetry and according to the theory of intertextuality, which considers any text to be influenced by its previous or contemporary texts, by examining poetic images, it is possible ...
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Ahmed Shamlou is considered one of the famous figures of new poetry. Since the image is often one of the important elements of poetry and according to the theory of intertextuality, which considers any text to be influenced by its previous or contemporary texts, by examining poetic images, it is possible to understand the degree of connection or lack of connection between the poem and the ancient poetic heritage. For this purpose, the images expressed in the form of simile, metaphor, recognition, irony and artistic attribute in his poetry have been examined and analyzed.The current research has been done with descriptive-analytical method and with a view to the theory of intertextuality and the approach of literary traditionalism. CheckThe analysis of the research data has shown that despite the opinion of Shamlu's opponents, the poetic images of ancient Persian poets are reflected in his poetry in an explicit (the same image in a new context) and implied (a part of the image, an image with a new concept in a new context) form. Among these, the most direct or explicit reflection has taken place in the poetic images of irony and simile, and the indirect or implicit reflection in the poetic images of recognition, metaphor, and artistic attribute, respectively.
Literary interdisciplinary research
Ali Reza Shabanlu
Abstract
Introduction
Love is one of the basic concepts in Islamic mysticism and the basis of creation in the perspective of mysticism. Because love is an abstract concept, the mystics' words about love are metaphorical and symbolic, and in order to reach the foundation of the mystics' thinking and thought about ...
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Introduction
Love is one of the basic concepts in Islamic mysticism and the basis of creation in the perspective of mysticism. Because love is an abstract concept, the mystics' words about love are metaphorical and symbolic, and in order to reach the foundation of the mystics' thinking and thought about love, it is necessary to analyze and interpret their words. Therefore, in this article, we intend to use the conceptual theory of metaphor to reach the basic concept or concepts that mystics have used to depict the image of love and reflected in their speech. Therefore, in the first step, we identify the metaphors of love in Molvi's works, in the second step, we specify the source domain of metaphors. In the third step, we will examine the relationship between social context and metaphor in order to reach the cultural and intellectual origins of love metaphors and the macro concept that lies behind the linguistic forms.
Discussion
In this article, we analyzed the interpretations of love in Mowlavi's works and we saw that Mowlavi, with numerous and diverse metaphors, described love as having attributes such as learnable, uplifting and transforming, eternal and eternal, the origin of everything, generous, great and abundant, pure. , purifying, bountiful and rich, sheltering and liberating, attractive, dominant, carrier, life-giving, crazy, enlightening, eventful, leader and helper, beautiful, rebellious, brave, violent, catch, precious, delicious, holy, destroyer and sublime. He has known and got these attributes from the three domains of lover, king and God. Therefore, the mappings "Love is a lover" and "Love is a king" and "Love is God" are three conceptual keys of love, and two conceptual keys "Love is a lover" and "Love is a king" are derived from the macro metaphor "Love is God". Therefore, according to Mowlavi, love is God and all the attributes and characteristics of God, such as the two main features of being a creator and annihilator, are in love. Other characteristics of love can be placed under two important characteristics (creation and mortality: یُحیی و یُمیت).
To know the empirical context of the metaphor "Love is God", attention should be paid to the characteristics of the beloved. In Mowlavi's thoughts, love is literally in the meaning of the beloved, and since the beloved can have different types and people, its attributes are also numerous, but these attributes are common in the two general directions of life-giving and death. That is, the love that causes the lover to live a happy and euphoric life and the love that causes the lover to be hurt and destroyed.
The cultural and intellectual background of this metaphor is the ancient Iranian beliefs about the existence of two entities: spirit and matter. The ancient western, Iranian, Indian and Islamic ideas were founded on the originality of the spirit and validity of the substance. According to this idea, the soul is the whole and the matter is a part, God is the whole and man is a part, the upper world is the whole and the material world is a part. This dualistic thinking has led to the emergence of two groups of good and evil in all areas of thought, and the metaphors of love in Molvi's works are also based on the dual oppositions of good and evil and their subsets and their counterparts. Contrasting the water of life with the water of death (floods and storms), the wind of life (like the spring wind) and the wind of death (autumn wind), the fire of life (like the gold plant and the heat of the sun, which was obtained from Abraham being thrown into the fire, and is a type of test.) with the fire of death. The fire of life embraces the lover like Abraham and purifies it from material pollution and elevates it from the current level to a higher level and makes the copper of his existence golden. In addition, Mowlavi lived in an environment full of Jewish and Christian ideas, and in the Masnavi, he has repeatedly mentioned stories from the Torah and the Bible, and it is possible that in addition to the story of Abraham being thrown into the fire, which is also in the Holy Quran, with the story of the three Jews of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, who were thrown into the fire by the order of Nebuchadnezzar, was familiar and took the life-giving fire from that story. In addition, he may have been familiar with the myth of Isis and Osiris, in which, like the story of Abraham, the child of King Melkart and Queen Astarte did not burn in the fire.
Conclusion
As we can see, Molavi's metaphors are taken from myths. The same myths that told the ancient people about the different aspects of the king, god, lover and its characteristics. This statement means that the linguistic and intellectual works of the ancient traditions were still present in the intellectual resources of Mowlavi and in the popular beliefs and atmosphere of his society, and perhaps he came to such an understanding of love without his will and expressed the attributes of love often with the same mythological interpretations, and sometimes he has used non-mythical language; For example, the elements of the metaphors related to the king and the lover are the same elements of the solar mythology, some of which have found their way to Mawlawi's thoughts through Jewish and Christian texts: elements such as sunshine, sun, rain, cloud, horse, fire, light.
