Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 , Assistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature ,Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
2 , ph.D. candidate,Department of Persian Language and Literature ,Islamic Azad University ,Sanandaj Branch ,Iran
3 Assistant Professor,Department of Persian Language and Literature ,Sanandaj Branch,Islamic Azad University ,Iran
4 Assistant Professor,Department of Social Science,Sanandaj Branch ,Islamic Azad University,Iran
Abstract
Sociological criticism is one of the new and efficient methods of literary texts, which is effective in the analysis of contemporary novels. Considering that novels and short stories are influenced by the conditions of society more than any other literary work and can reflect social structures better than any other type, therefore sociological criticism is important. This article tries to analyze the novel "Bail Mourners" from Bakhtin's polyphonic point of view using the method of content analysis. Polyphony is one of the key and influential topics in the field of literary and artistic criticism, which was presented by the Russian literary critic and philosopher Bakhtin in the middle of the 20th century. According to his point of view, polyphony in a literary work is such that, apart from the voice of the narrator or author, the voices of other characters are also heard, and none of the voices dominate each other, and in a polyphonic text, discourses rejected by society and unheard voices They can be seen and introduced. Two-way conversations, creating favorable conditions for dialogue, the colorful presence of characters, pluralism, the freedom of characters, as well as intertextual functions such as proverbs and irony, myths, being influenced by literary works, etc. It adds to the polyphony of the text in this work. In this article, an attempt is made to extract the polyphonic expressions of the text and show the effect of each of them in polyphonic text.
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