Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Ph.D. student of Persian language and literature . Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. Responsible author
3 Assistant Professor, Women's Studies Research Group, Humanities and Cultural Studies Research Institute. Tehran. Iran
4 Professor of the Department of Persian Language and Literature, University of Isfahan. Isfahan. Iran.
Abstract
Introduction
The literature of sustainability is the literature that deals with awakening and seeking justice, or describing and describing uprising and resistance against force and manipulation. resistance that needs to be passed; Passing on many things, such as comfort and peace, prosperity and property, and most importantly, passing on the soul that man seeks to obtain in life.
In general, light with concepts such as illumination, which has examples such as day, sun, fire, lamp, flame, and the like in connection with concepts such as darkness and darkness, it is in relative contrast with examples such as night and shadow. The use of the concepts of light and darkness in the poetry of the stability of different nations has created a kind of conceptual unity and political identity between them.
Symbols of light and brightness in the literature of sustainability are among the most profound literary symbols that are rooted in national religious beliefs and culture. In contemporary Iranian sustainability literature, which are sustainability poems from the era leading to the Islamic revolution until the present time, due to the predominance of spiritual Islamic color on people's sustainability, attention to light and darkness can be analyzed and analyzed.
The main focus of this article is to explain and reveal how to apply the concepts related to light and darkness in demarcating oneself with others.. Therefore, according to the methods of emergence and occurrence of these concepts in the poems, both a part of the identifications in the poetry of resistance is revealed, as well as the way of alienation and demarcation with the other.
This article examines the concept of self and other in the poems of Sepideh Kashani and Fadvi Toughani in the collection of poems "Parvaneh Shab" and "Tamuz Walshi' Al-Akhler". In order to discover some literary commonalities in the resistance poetry of Iran and Palestine, she tries to show and analyze the process of demarcation between herself and the other through the concept of light and darkness in the poems of these two poets and it answers the question that in the poetry of Sepideh Kashani and Fadvi Touqan's persistence, what is the role of darkness and light in demarcation with the other?
Researches such as the article "Consistency Effects in the Poems of Fadvi Touqan and Sepideh Kashani" (Akbari and others, 2014) in which the researchers have come to the conclusion that Themes such as the defense of the truth of the holy place and the praise of freedom and liberty have been prominent aspects of Fadvi and Kashani's poems (ibid. 24). Considering that in these studies, light and darkness or alienation in the poetry of Fadvi Touqan and Sepideh Kashani were not the main topics. For this reason, this research, which was carried out with the aim of comparative discourse analysis of light and darkness in selected poems, is different from other researches in the field of sustainability literature.
Methodology
Based on Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory, this research answers this main question by examining the poetry of two ladies, one from Iran and the other from Palestine, that in the poetry of Sepideh Kashani's persistence in the poetry collection "Night Butterflies" and Fadvi Touqan's poetry in the collection "Tamuz Walshi' Al-Akhler" is the role of darkness and light in demarcation with the other?
Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory method is a descriptive analytical method that can improve the capacity of criticism of its analyzes by introducing concepts such as power, politics and ideology in its analysis. This analysis consists of many multiple and complicated concepts which have a network and chain relationship with each other and the understanding of each of them helps to understand the other and their systemic understanding helps to analyze social and political issues.
The necessity of the current research is a more detailed analysis of some of the conceptual commonalities in the poetry of the stability of the two nations of Iran and Palestine.
The findings
In the selected works, alienation has been done in the central sign through the use of words of light and darkness, around the axis of "homeland" . Also, these words have been used to highlight the components of the discourse through the selection of a poetic name or a poetic name, to draw the path of the struggle, to show the position of the fighters, and to deliberately give a revolutionary color and in marginalization through the selection of the name of the work, to show the cunning of the enemy, to see the space as black. The mentioned words have been used in mythmaking, in the introduction of martyrs and martyrdom, fighters and oppressed people, and in the empty sign, showing the ideal situation of the past, close to the contemporary and the future.
conclusion
In this research, with comparative analysis and investigation through the theory of Laclau and Mouffe, it was shown that the selected concepts of poets in the position of "central sign", "highlighting", "empty sign", "mythology" and "marginalization" are among the most important methods in demarcation. They are with each other in Kashani and Touqan poetry. In each of these methods, the poet has tried to show the true face of herself and others with concepts and themes related to light and illumination. In this regard, it is suggested to conduct research on the subject of literary methods of alienation in ancient Persian works and to compare the central signifier in ancient and contemporary literary works.
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