Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Phd student of mystical literature at Imam Khomeini International University
2 . (Corresponding Author), Associate Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
3 Professor of the Department of Persian Language and Literature, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
Abstract
Introduction
Title: comparative study of the culture of "having" and the art of "being" in the opinions of Ghazali and perfectionist psychologists (based on Maslow and Fromm)
Man has been distinguished from other creatures due to his intellectual power and strength, and this has caused schools such as psychology to investigate the dimensions of his psyche. Among the different schools of psychology, two perfectionist psychologists (Maslow and Fromm) believe that humans can reach a high level of normality and "being".They consider the infrastructure and introduction to "being" to be the logical satisfaction of a series of needs, which they refer to as "having" culture.
On the other hand, our mystical literature is full of works that show the value and importance of human existence. In each page of these rich works of mystical literature, designs and patterns of perfected human beings have been proposed that corresponded to the mental patterns of their time.
Among these precious mystical works, the book of kim-yaye sa'adat can be mentioned, which was written at the end of the 5th century and includes four pillars (worship, transactions, death, salvation) and each pillar has 70 principles, which are written in a simple and understandable language. It is compiled for everyone. In this book, Ghazali talks about the material needs of man and considers fulfilling them in moderation as necessary to reach perfection; But he does not consider it permissible to stay in them and considers the highest goal of man to be perfection and "being" and reminds him of this goal in many places in the book.The purpose of the current research is to analyze the views and thoughts of Imam Muhammad Ghazali in the philosophy of spiritual life and the extent of its compatibility with Maslow and Fromm's psychological criteria of perfection, and the need to answer these questions is created by paying attention to the culture of "having" and art. What is the form of "being" in the thought of Ghazali the mystic, Maslow and Fromm the psychologist? Also, how similar and different are the views of these thinkers?Regarding the background of the research, it can be said that no independent research has been conducted in this regard. The only research that is slightly related to this research is the article "Transcendental education in the view of Imam Muhammad Ghazali and Abraham Maslow" by Dehghani and Jokar. In this article, the authors have investigated
the characteristics, goals and criteria of transcendental education in two perspectives.
Methodology
This research was done with inductive method and qualitative content analysis. The method of qualitative content analysis seeks to extract meaning from the text. In this way, first the available sources about having a culture and being an art in the thought of Maslow and Fromm were collected, then by examining the book of kim-yaye sa'adat, the ideas consistent with the opinions of these two psychologists were extracted. Finally, the authors explained the similarities and differences between Ghazali's views and Maslow's and Fromm's views using the content analysis method.
Conclusion
Perfectionist psychologists (Maslow and Fromm) and Ghazali, despite the fact that their culture and geography are very far from each other; But because human nature, regardless of culture, place and religion, has a single foundation; Therefore, their views on this issue are very close to each other. They also talk about common characteristics such as self-knowledge, altruism, agency and freedom, etc., which in Ghazali's, Maslow's and Fromm's view are the characteristics of a perfected person who has been able to acquire them by passing through the "havings". . Although Ghazali was a mystic, we did not come across anything in the whole book of kim-yaye sa'adat that he reduced the dignity and status of these desires; Rather, he negates the excesses of satisfying these desires, not themselves. But an important point is that all the manifestations of being in the kim-yaye sa'adat are in the direction of reaching God, and according to Ghazali, continuous excellence is achieved in this direction
Keywords
Main Subjects
)