Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Abbas Vaezzadeh ¹
• Mohammad Sabri ²

¹ Assistant Professor of Persian language and literature University of Birjand

² Graduate M.A in Persian Language and Literature, University of Birjanad

Abstract

Introduction
The social identity of people is defined in relation to the norms of the society, and whenever someone violates these norms, he suffers the heat of stigma. The reflection of this issue in dramatic literature has created many works. One of the authors who addressed this issue is Bahram Beyzaie. In his works, thinking and reflection on social issues and human behavior are abundantly seen. In his works, Beyzaie pays great attention to the society and criticizes social relationships, one of which is dealing with characters who have been rejected and hated by the society due to their enlightenment and wisdom, criticism of social rules, having a different view, etc. Authors In the current study, based on Erving Goffman's theory of stigma, they aim to examine the stigmatized characters of Beyzaie's works.
The questions and hypotheses of this research are:
Question 1: According to Erving Goffman's theory, which type of stigma is more prevalent in the characters of Beyzaie’s works?
Hypothesis 1: The stigma of the characters of Beyzaie's works is more than the second type (inner and personal), and the third type (racial and ideological).
Question 2: Are the stigmatized characters of Beyzaie's works mostly women or men, and what does this stigma have to do with their gender?
Hypothesis 2: These characters include both sexes and are statistically almost equal. The gender aspect is more pronounced in the case of the stigma associated with female characters; because they live in a patriarchal society and many of their actions are considered stigmaful from the point of view of society and feminist traditions.
Question 3: What is the reaction of these characters in front of the society's ostracism?
Hypothesis 3: Most characters fight and defend themselves against stigma.
Question 4: What is the degree of realness of the considered stigmas?
Hypothesis 4: Most stigmas do not have an External sample and are not real; because each of the disgusting people exposes the person to the heat of stigma for reasons such as arrogance, spreading lies, superstitious traditions and norms, etc.
Regarding the sociology of Beyzaie’s works, several researches have been done so far, but none of them have addressed the topic of the present research. The closest research to this issue is an article entitled "Survey of Stigma (Erving Goffman), Pride Mark in Selected Iranian Contemporary Drama" written by Simin Meshkvati and Mohammad Ja`efar Yousefiyan Kenari. In this article, the authors have analyzed several plays by different authors, including four plays by Beyzaie (Majles Ghorbani Senemmar, Shab-e-Hezar-o-Yekom, Majles Zarbatzadan, and Tarajnameh) based on the theory of Stigma. Since the works of other authors have been examined in this research, other important works of Beyzaie have been neglected, and in addition, the four mentioned works have also been analyzed in a passing way.
Methodology
The authors in this research believe that based on Erving Goffman's theory of stigma, twelve works of Bahram Beyzaie’s plays, including Arash's Recitations and Karnameye Bondar-e-Bidakhsh, the plays of Majles Ghorbani Senemmar, Afra Ya Rooz Migozarad and Shab-e-Hezar-o-Yekom, and screenplays. to examine the facts about Leyla Dokhtar Edris, Rooz Vaghe`e, Tomar Sheykh Sharzin, New Preface of the Shahnameh, Pardeye Ne`ie, Siavashkhani and Maghsad, whose characters are exposed to society's slander. Library research tool and descriptive-analytical work method. The main purpose of the article is to examine the types and how hot the stigmas suffered by the characters of these twelve works. The method of working is that, based on the mentioned theory, the stigmas of the characters are categorized into three levels: "appearance and physical", "inner and personality" and "racial and ideological", and then the background and causes of stigma, the way characters deal with stigma, Also, the degree of genuineness of stigmas has been described and analyzed.
Results
Beyzaie has commented on the stigma of the second type (internal and personality-gender defects) with four cases and eight examples, and the third type (class, racial, ideological and political stigma) with five cases and eight examples. The first type of stigma (physical and physical defects) can be seen in only one work. When the interests and status of hot people are threatened by others, they turn to labeling in order to control the hot people. The female characters are the ellipses of women trapped in a patriarchal and misogynistic society, and the stigma they suffer is related to their gender. These women are independence-seeking, literate, taboo-breaking and militant people who, in the clutches of the patriarchal standards of the society, in pursuit of finding independence, revealing their true identity and asserting their basic rights, are subjected to stigma from that society. The male characters of his works are intellectual, artistic, enlightening and different from their time, and the society stigmatizes them because of these characteristics. These characters do not behave passively in front of stigmas, and each of them shows an appropriate reaction to the imposed stigma.
Discussion and Conclusion
Most of these stigmas have no real meaning and are just labels that hateful people put on people out of selfishness and in order to fulfill their inner desires. The characters of Beyzaie's works are often criticized and ostracized by society because they go against the rotten beliefs, retrogressive standards and personal interests of others.

Keywords

• Stigma
• Erving Goffman
• Bahram Beyzaie
• Dramatic Literature
• Sociological Criticism

Main Subjects

• Literary interdisciplinary research