Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Associate Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Department Faculty of Humanities, Kosar University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran
2 The Assistant Professor of Persian and Language and Literature, Kosar University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran.
Abstract
Introduction
Eric Landowski introduces different lifestyles through the life patterns of the snob, dandy, bear, and chameleon-worshipper. Based on this model, each of these characters interacts with the normative reference group as a subject, with their special strategy. These subjects are like social characters who are placed in situations that determine their position about their actions. In the lifestyle of Snob and Chameleon, there is an imitation of the normative reference group, and in the lifestyle of Dundee and Bear, a kind of confrontation with the norms of the reference group is observed. Among the educational works, the book Kalileh and Demeneh by Nasrullah Monshi represents different lifestyles in the class society of ancient Iran based on the position of the king at the top of the pyramid of power. Therefore, based on Eric Landowski's lifestyle theory, the current research tries to analyze the various behavioral patterns of the subjects in the reference group regarding "Lion and Cow". Therefore, the present article seeks to answer these questions: a) How and using which discourse tricks does Demeneh define and stabilize his lifestyle; b) In this story, how is the relationship between normative and non-normative ciphers realized and in the form of which of Landowski's desired lifestyles is it represented?
Methodology
This research is based on the descriptive-analytical method and based on the library sources and the theoretical approach of Eric Landowski's lifestyle, the chapter "Lion and Cow" from the book "Kalileh and Demeneh" has been analyzed. The purpose of this research is to explain the interaction between different lifestyles regarding the Lion and Cows of Kalileh and Demeneh.
Results
The study of the chapter "Lion and Cow" based on Eric Landowski's lifestyles indicates that in this chapter, the relations governing the class-kingdom system are represented in an allegorical way. In this story, Demeneh, with his snobbish analogy, reveals two types of behavior of the courtiers, whose actions can strengthen the foundations of a government or, on the contrary, destroy it. A group sees its identity and power as dependent on maintaining the existing system, so it tries to serve the system with effort, loyalty, self-belief, and perfectionism. Since the second group is seeking more power, by turning to jealousy and betrayal, they not only endanger their status and dignity but also cause instability in the central power. Kalileh in this story is an allegory of the sages and wise men who, by adopting the dandy lifestyle, consider themselves superior to the reference group of courtiers who belong to the royal family, who are familiar with the ways and customs of serving the king, inheritance over grace and knowledge. They respect, are inclined to political power and risk-taking, and are characterized by moral vices (jealousy, cunning, treachery). He also points out his class difference with the courtiers, not having the royal crown, and defines his distinction from the ruling class. The behavioral style of the chameleon can be seen in the behavior of the cow, the calf, and the cow. Demeneh consciously and inevitably imitates the behavior of the benevolent counselors of Lion to gain his attention. Kalila consciously remains silent against Demeneh's treachery. The cow also consciously and inevitably imitates the behavior style of the king's advisers, while he practically does not know courtly manners and court relations. The behavioral style of the bear, which is the emergence of emotional behaviors outside the framework of the reference group, is most noticeable in the personality of the lion and the cow. As a king, the lion should be adorned with virtues such as tact, sufficiency, grace and art, courage, etc., by showing abnormal behavior and hasty decisions, it destroys the cow and irreparable damage. One of the abnormal behaviors of the cow, which shows the behavioral style of the bear, is to adopt the behavior of rebel commanders, while it does not have the strength and power to confront the Lion. Also, approaches the lion who is his enemy. Demeneh, with his greed and ambition, moves away from the behavior style of Nedma Sadegh and reveals his bear-like lifestyle with his abnormal behavior of hypocrisy and betrayal. In the side stories of this chapter, the behavior of the merchant's sons, the ascetic man, the wicked woman, etc. are examples of the bear's lifestyle.
conclusion
The interaction of marginalized marginalized groups (Damneh, Kalileh, and Cows) with the central reference group (Lion) is explained in the form of a fourfold path. In the first path, Demeneh, in a snobbish style, imitates the chameleon's behavior to get closer to the king's class and to be promoted to the reference group. He behaves like a benevolent advisor in the face of the lion and to be accepted, and about the cow, he chooses the lifestyle of the reference group of the courtiers, and in this way, he gains popularity in the eyes of both groups. In the second path, the cow, with a chameleon lifestyle and imitating the behavior style of the reference/ruler group, assumes the role of his advisor. In the end, by choosing the bear's lifestyle and avoiding the rules of the reference group, he rebels against him. In the third path, Kalileh, with his dandy style, distinguishes himself from the reference group of courtiers, but he changes his behavior and by choosing the chameleon lifestyle, he is placed in the social class of misfits. In the fourth path, the lion as the central group (the king) by choosing the bear's lifestyle and ignoring the behavioral norms of the reference group, turns from a powerful and popular king into a timid and passive character. In the first and third path, the movement is done indirectly and in the second and fourth path, the movement is done directly. These four movements are indexed in the form of four identity states simulation, acceptance, rejection, and identity separation.
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