Document Type : Original Article
Author
Associate Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies. Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
زبان شناسان شناختی، استعاره را ابزاری شناختی می‌دانند که بواسطة چیزی متعارف و تجربی، چیزی دیگر را می‌شناسیم. از نظر آنان استعاره در سراسر زندگی روزمره و نه تنها در زبان، که در اندیشه و عمل ما جاری است و نظام مفهومی معمول ما که در چارچوب آن می‌اندیشیم و عمل می‌کنیم، ماهیتی اساساً استعاری دارد. آنان مدّعی‌اند در نظریه‌های سنتی، به رابطة استعاره با تفکر توجّه نشده است؛ بلکه فقط به تعابیر زبانی استعاره‌ها در شعر و ادبیات توجه کرده‌اند و بین زبان روزمره و زبان ادبی تمایز نهاده‌اند. از این رو تعریف جدید را در تقابل با استعارة زبانی، استعارة مفهومی نامیدند که دارای ویژگیهای چون یک‌سویگی نگاشت و اصل تغییر ناپذیری است و به انواعی چون استعاره متعارف و بدیعی و تصویری تقسیم می‌شود. در این مقاله، نظریة استعاره مفهومی و برخی از تناقضهای درونی آن را نقد کرده‌ایم که برخی از نتایج عبارتند از: شناخت و فهم استعاری نیست بلکه قیاسی است؛ استعاره مبتنی بر شباهت است و تغییر ناپذیری اصل معتبری نیست.
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